Countries · Europe
Poland
Poland is the largest economy among the EU's central and eastern European members and has attracted steady direct investment into manufacturing and services.
At a glance
Net inflows of foreign direct investment were $20.9bn in 2025, against an average of $24.1bn a year in 2015–2024. Investors based in Poland put a net $8.24bn into direct investment abroad in the same year, less than Poland received. Foreign investors were net sellers of $3.59bn of shares in Poland in 2025.
EU funds and integration with German supply chains support investment into Poland. Its central bank has built up its reserves, including gold, in recent years.
Poland's holdings of US securities
Treasuries, shares and bonds issued in the US and held by investors in Poland.
Holdings of US securities
End of month, Aug 2025 to Aug 2026, $bn.
Net purchases of long-term US securities
Each month, $bn. Positive means net buying.
The US Treasury does not publish Poland's Treasury holdings separately; they are included in the figures for other countries. The US Treasury records holdings by the country where securities are held in custody, which is not always the owner's country. Why this matters.
Direct and equity investment
Annual net flows, $bn. Direct investment means building or buying businesses; portfolio equity means buying listed shares and fund units.
Net flows by year
Direct investment into and out of Poland, and foreign buying of its shares, $bn.
Current account and reserves
The balance of trade and income with the rest of the world, and the reserves held by the central bank.
Current account balance
Each year, $bn. A surplus means the country lends to the rest of the world.
Foreign exchange reserves, including gold
End of year, $bn.
Remittances
Money sent home by people working abroad, compared with direct investment, $bn.
Remittances and direct investment
Each year, $bn.
The economy
GDP
Current US dollars, $bn. Dollar figures also move with exchange rates.
Growth and inflation
Real GDP growth and consumer price inflation, per cent.
All figures
Annual figures from the World Bank, as published. Download them for every country on the data page.
| Indicator | 2015 | 2016 | 2017 | 2018 | 2019 | 2020 | 2021 | 2022 | 2023 | 2024 | 2025 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Population (m) | 37.99 | 37.97 | 37.97 | 37.97 | 37.97 | 37.52 | 36.98 | 36.82 | 36.69 | 36.56 | 36.44 |
| GDP ($bn) | 480.1 | 473.3 | 528.4 | 594.6 | 602.7 | 605.9 | 689.2 | 695.6 | 812.5 | 917.8 | 1,035.5 |
| GDP per person ($) | 12,638 | 12,464 | 13,913 | 15,658 | 15,875 | 16,151 | 18,636 | 18,891 | 22,145 | 25,104 | 28,420 |
| Real GDP growth (%) | 4.4 | 3.0 | 5.2 | 6.2 | 4.6 | −2.0 | 6.9 | 5.3 | 0.2 | 3.0 | 3.6 |
| Inflation (%) | −0.9 | −0.7 | 2.1 | 1.8 | 2.2 | 3.4 | 5.1 | 14.4 | 11.5 | 3.8 | 3.8 |
| Current account ($bn) | −6.36 | −5.06 | −6.27 | −11.69 | −1.65 | 14.53 | −8.97 | −15.82 | 12.49 | 2.79 | −9.87 |
| Current account (% GDP) | −1.3 | −1.1 | −1.2 | −2.0 | −0.3 | 2.4 | −1.3 | −2.3 | 1.5 | 0.3 | −1.0 |
| Reserves incl. gold ($bn) | 94.9 | 114.3 | 113.3 | 117.0 | 128.4 | 154.2 | 166.0 | 166.7 | 193.8 | 223.1 | 271.8 |
| Direct investment in ($bn) | 15.82 | 18.06 | 12.56 | 19.91 | 19.01 | 20.09 | 37.51 | 41.78 | 35.66 | 20.61 | 20.94 |
| Direct investment out ($bn) | 5.07 | 14.00 | 3.93 | 2.44 | 5.37 | 5.07 | 10.22 | 12.60 | 12.29 | 10.05 | 8.24 |
| Portfolio equity in ($bn) | 5.41 | −2.51 | 1.47 | 0.96 | 0.35 | −3.63 | 0.61 | −1.25 | 0.68 | 1.85 | −3.59 |
| Remittances ($bn) | 6.83 | 6.76 | 7.30 | 7.60 | 7.51 | 7.44 | 7.93 | 7.56 | 8.54 | 8.69 | 9.46 |
The monthly read
A short email after each TIC release: where money moved, what changed among the big holders, and the charts that matter.
Sign-up and emails are handled by Substack.